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Vaping is the term used to describe smoking electronic cigarettes.

A subglottic hemangioma is a large mass of blood vessels in the airway, typically below the vocal chords.

Mitral valve stenosis happens when the mitral valve is too narrow, causing blood to back up in the heart’s left atrium.

A laryngeal cleft (or laryngotracheal cleft) is an abnormal opening between the larynx and the esophagus.

Esophageal manometry is a procedure in which a small flexible tube is placed into the nose and passed into the esophagus.